Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar.
Identifieur interne : 000B53 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000B52; suivant : 000B54Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar.
Auteurs : Denis Pierron [France] ; Margit Heiske [France] ; Harilanto Razafindrazaka [France] ; Ignace Rakoto [Madagascar] ; Nelly Rabetokotany [Madagascar] ; Bodo Ravololomanga [Madagascar] ; Lucien M-A Rakotozafy [Madagascar] ; Mireille Mialy Rakotomalala [Madagascar] ; Michel Razafiarivony [Madagascar] ; Bako Rasoarifetra [Madagascar] ; Miakabola Andriamampianina Raharijesy [Madagascar] ; Lolona Razafindralambo [Madagascar] ; Ramilisonina [Madagascar] ; Fulgence Fanony [Madagascar] ; Sendra Lejamble [France] ; Olivier Thomas [France] ; Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah [France] ; Christophe Rocher [France] ; Amal Arachiche [France] ; Laure Tonaso [France] ; Veronica Pereda-Loth [France] ; Stéphanie Schiavinato [France] ; Nicolas Brucato [France] ; Francois-Xavier Ricaut [France] ; Pradiptajati Kusuma [France] ; Herawati Sudoyo [Indonésie] ; Shengyu Ni [Allemagne] ; Anne Boland [France] ; Jean-Francois Deleuze [France] ; Philippe Beaujard [France] ; Philippe Grange [France] ; Sander Adelaar [Australie] ; Mark Stoneking [Allemagne] ; Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa [Israël] ; Chantal Radimilahy [Israël] ; Thierry Letellier [Israël]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 1091-6490 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Although situated ∼400 km from the east coast of Africa, Madagascar exhibits cultural, linguistic, and genetic traits from both Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa. The settlement history remains contentious; we therefore used a grid-based approach to sample at high resolution the genomic diversity (including maternal lineages, paternal lineages, and genome-wide data) across 257 villages and 2,704 Malagasy individuals. We find a common Bantu and Austronesian descent for all Malagasy individuals with a limited paternal contribution from Europe and the Middle East. Admixture and demographic growth happened recently, suggesting a rapid settlement of Madagascar during the last millennium. However, the distribution of African and Asian ancestry across the island reveals that the admixture was sex biased and happened heterogeneously across Madagascar, suggesting independent colonization of Madagascar from Africa and Asia rather than settlement by an already admixed population. In addition, there are geographic influences on the present genomic diversity, independent of the admixture, showing that a few centuries is sufficient to produce detectable genetic structure in human populations.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704906114
PubMed: 28716916
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, France, Indonésie, Israël, Madagascar
- District de Leipzig, Midi-Pyrénées, Occitanie (région administrative), Poitou-Charentes, Saxe (Land), Victoria (État)
- La Rochelle, Leipzig, Melbourne, Toulouse
- Université de La Rochelle, Université de Melbourne
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Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lejamble, Sendra" sort="Lejamble, Sendra" uniqKey="Lejamble S" first="Sendra" last="Lejamble">Sendra Lejamble</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Olivier" sort="Thomas, Olivier" 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xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rocher, Christophe" sort="Rocher, Christophe" uniqKey="Rocher C" first="Christophe" last="Rocher">Christophe Rocher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arachiche, Amal" sort="Arachiche, Amal" uniqKey="Arachiche A" first="Amal" last="Arachiche">Amal Arachiche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonaso, Laure" sort="Tonaso, Laure" uniqKey="Tonaso L" first="Laure" last="Tonaso">Laure Tonaso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereda Loth, Veronica" sort="Pereda Loth, Veronica" uniqKey="Pereda Loth V" first="Veronica" last="Pereda-Loth">Veronica Pereda-Loth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schiavinato, Stephanie" sort="Schiavinato, Stephanie" uniqKey="Schiavinato S" first="Stéphanie" last="Schiavinato">Stéphanie Schiavinato</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brucato, Nicolas" sort="Brucato, Nicolas" uniqKey="Brucato N" first="Nicolas" last="Brucato">Nicolas Brucato</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricaut, Francois Xavier" sort="Ricaut, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Ricaut F" first="Francois-Xavier" last="Ricaut">Francois-Xavier Ricaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kusuma, Pradiptajati" sort="Kusuma, Pradiptajati" uniqKey="Kusuma P" first="Pradiptajati" last="Kusuma">Pradiptajati Kusuma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sudoyo, Herawati" sort="Sudoyo, Herawati" uniqKey="Sudoyo H" first="Herawati" last="Sudoyo">Herawati Sudoyo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta 10430</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jakarta 10430</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ni, Shengyu" sort="Ni, Shengyu" uniqKey="Ni S" first="Shengyu" last="Ni">Shengyu Ni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boland, Anne" sort="Boland, Anne" uniqKey="Boland A" first="Anne" last="Boland">Anne Boland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deleuze, Jean Francois" sort="Deleuze, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Deleuze J" first="Jean-Francois" last="Deleuze">Jean-Francois Deleuze</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beaujard, Philippe" sort="Beaujard, Philippe" uniqKey="Beaujard P" first="Philippe" last="Beaujard">Philippe Beaujard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>L'Institut des Mondes Africains (IMAF)-CNRS, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>L'Institut des Mondes Africains (IMAF)-CNRS, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>94200 Ivry-sur-Seine</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>94200 Ivry-sur-Seine</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grange, Philippe" sort="Grange, Philippe" uniqKey="Grange P" first="Philippe" last="Grange">Philippe Grange</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Département Langues Etrangères Appliquées, Université de La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle cedex 1, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Département Langues Etrangères Appliquées, Université de La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle cedex 1</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>17042 La Rochelle cedex 1</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de La Rochelle</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">La Rochelle</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Poitou-Charentes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adelaar, Sander" sort="Adelaar, Sander" uniqKey="Adelaar S" first="Sander" last="Adelaar">Sander Adelaar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Asia Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Asia Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoneking, Mark" sort="Stoneking, Mark" uniqKey="Stoneking M" first="Mark" last="Stoneking">Mark Stoneking</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakotoarisoa, Jean Aime" sort="Rakotoarisoa, Jean Aime" uniqKey="Rakotoarisoa J" first="Jean-Aimé" last="Rakotoarisoa">Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; jarakoto@gmail.com radimilahych@gmail.com thierry.letellier@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radimilahy, Chantal" sort="Radimilahy, Chantal" uniqKey="Radimilahy C" first="Chantal" last="Radimilahy">Chantal Radimilahy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; jarakoto@gmail.com radimilahych@gmail.com thierry.letellier@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letellier, Thierry" sort="Letellier, Thierry" uniqKey="Letellier T" first="Thierry" last="Letellier">Thierry Letellier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France; jarakoto@gmail.com radimilahych@gmail.com thierry.letellier@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28716916</idno><idno type="pmid">28716916</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1704906114</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000723</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000723</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004B32</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">004B32</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">004B32</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000B48</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000B53</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000B53</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar.</title><author><name sortKey="Pierron, Denis" sort="Pierron, Denis" uniqKey="Pierron D" first="Denis" last="Pierron">Denis Pierron</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heiske, Margit" sort="Heiske, Margit" uniqKey="Heiske M" first="Margit" last="Heiske">Margit Heiske</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razafindrazaka, Harilanto" sort="Razafindrazaka, Harilanto" uniqKey="Razafindrazaka H" first="Harilanto" last="Razafindrazaka">Harilanto Razafindrazaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakoto, Ignace" sort="Rakoto, Ignace" uniqKey="Rakoto I" first="Ignace" last="Rakoto">Ignace Rakoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabetokotany, Nelly" sort="Rabetokotany, Nelly" uniqKey="Rabetokotany N" first="Nelly" last="Rabetokotany">Nelly Rabetokotany</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ravololomanga, Bodo" sort="Ravololomanga, Bodo" uniqKey="Ravololomanga B" first="Bodo" last="Ravololomanga">Bodo Ravololomanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakotozafy, Lucien M A" sort="Rakotozafy, Lucien M A" uniqKey="Rakotozafy L" first="Lucien M-A" last="Rakotozafy">Lucien M-A Rakotozafy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy" sort="Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy" uniqKey="Rakotomalala M" first="Mireille Mialy" last="Rakotomalala">Mireille Mialy Rakotomalala</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razafiarivony, Michel" sort="Razafiarivony, Michel" uniqKey="Razafiarivony M" first="Michel" last="Razafiarivony">Michel Razafiarivony</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasoarifetra, Bako" sort="Rasoarifetra, Bako" uniqKey="Rasoarifetra B" first="Bako" last="Rasoarifetra">Bako Rasoarifetra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina" sort="Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina" uniqKey="Raharijesy M" first="Miakabola Andriamampianina" last="Raharijesy">Miakabola Andriamampianina Raharijesy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razafindralambo, Lolona" sort="Razafindralambo, Lolona" uniqKey="Razafindralambo L" first="Lolona" last="Razafindralambo">Lolona Razafindralambo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramilisonina" sort="Ramilisonina" uniqKey="Ramilisonina" last="Ramilisonina">Ramilisonina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fanony, Fulgence" sort="Fanony, Fulgence" uniqKey="Fanony F" first="Fulgence" last="Fanony">Fulgence Fanony</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lejamble, Sendra" sort="Lejamble, Sendra" uniqKey="Lejamble S" first="Sendra" last="Lejamble">Sendra Lejamble</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Olivier" sort="Thomas, Olivier" uniqKey="Thomas O" first="Olivier" last="Thomas">Olivier Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed Abdallah, Ahmed" sort="Mohamed Abdallah, Ahmed" uniqKey="Mohamed Abdallah A" first="Ahmed" last="Mohamed Abdallah">Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rocher, Christophe" sort="Rocher, Christophe" uniqKey="Rocher C" first="Christophe" last="Rocher">Christophe Rocher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arachiche, Amal" sort="Arachiche, Amal" uniqKey="Arachiche A" first="Amal" last="Arachiche">Amal Arachiche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibodies Group in Europe (MAGE) Consortium, INSERM U688, Université Bordeaux 2, 33000 Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33000 Bordeaux</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonaso, Laure" sort="Tonaso, Laure" uniqKey="Tonaso L" first="Laure" last="Tonaso">Laure Tonaso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereda Loth, Veronica" sort="Pereda Loth, Veronica" uniqKey="Pereda Loth V" first="Veronica" last="Pereda-Loth">Veronica Pereda-Loth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schiavinato, Stephanie" sort="Schiavinato, Stephanie" uniqKey="Schiavinato S" first="Stéphanie" last="Schiavinato">Stéphanie Schiavinato</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brucato, Nicolas" sort="Brucato, Nicolas" uniqKey="Brucato N" first="Nicolas" last="Brucato">Nicolas Brucato</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricaut, Francois Xavier" sort="Ricaut, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Ricaut F" first="Francois-Xavier" last="Ricaut">Francois-Xavier Ricaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kusuma, Pradiptajati" sort="Kusuma, Pradiptajati" uniqKey="Kusuma P" first="Pradiptajati" last="Kusuma">Pradiptajati Kusuma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sudoyo, Herawati" sort="Sudoyo, Herawati" uniqKey="Sudoyo H" first="Herawati" last="Sudoyo">Herawati Sudoyo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta 10430</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jakarta 10430</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ni, Shengyu" sort="Ni, Shengyu" uniqKey="Ni S" first="Shengyu" last="Ni">Shengyu Ni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boland, Anne" sort="Boland, Anne" uniqKey="Boland A" first="Anne" last="Boland">Anne Boland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deleuze, Jean Francois" sort="Deleuze, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Deleuze J" first="Jean-Francois" last="Deleuze">Jean-Francois Deleuze</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>91000 Evry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beaujard, Philippe" sort="Beaujard, Philippe" uniqKey="Beaujard P" first="Philippe" last="Beaujard">Philippe Beaujard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>L'Institut des Mondes Africains (IMAF)-CNRS, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>L'Institut des Mondes Africains (IMAF)-CNRS, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>94200 Ivry-sur-Seine</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>94200 Ivry-sur-Seine</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grange, Philippe" sort="Grange, Philippe" uniqKey="Grange P" first="Philippe" last="Grange">Philippe Grange</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Département Langues Etrangères Appliquées, Université de La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle cedex 1, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Département Langues Etrangères Appliquées, Université de La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle cedex 1</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>17042 La Rochelle cedex 1</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de La Rochelle</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">La Rochelle</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Poitou-Charentes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adelaar, Sander" sort="Adelaar, Sander" uniqKey="Adelaar S" first="Sander" last="Adelaar">Sander Adelaar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Asia Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Asia Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoneking, Mark" sort="Stoneking, Mark" uniqKey="Stoneking M" first="Mark" last="Stoneking">Mark Stoneking</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakotoarisoa, Jean Aime" sort="Rakotoarisoa, Jean Aime" uniqKey="Rakotoarisoa J" first="Jean-Aimé" last="Rakotoarisoa">Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; jarakoto@gmail.com radimilahych@gmail.com thierry.letellier@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radimilahy, Chantal" sort="Radimilahy, Chantal" uniqKey="Radimilahy C" first="Chantal" last="Radimilahy">Chantal Radimilahy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; jarakoto@gmail.com radimilahych@gmail.com thierry.letellier@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Civilisations/Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo 101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letellier, Thierry" sort="Letellier, Thierry" uniqKey="Letellier T" first="Thierry" last="Letellier">Thierry Letellier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse, France; jarakoto@gmail.com radimilahych@gmail.com thierry.letellier@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Equipe de Médecine Évolutive, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31073 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>31073 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Although situated ∼400 km from the east coast of Africa, Madagascar exhibits cultural, linguistic, and genetic traits from both Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa. The settlement history remains contentious; we therefore used a grid-based approach to sample at high resolution the genomic diversity (including maternal lineages, paternal lineages, and genome-wide data) across 257 villages and 2,704 Malagasy individuals. We find a common Bantu and Austronesian descent for all Malagasy individuals with a limited paternal contribution from Europe and the Middle East. Admixture and demographic growth happened recently, suggesting a rapid settlement of Madagascar during the last millennium. However, the distribution of African and Asian ancestry across the island reveals that the admixture was sex biased and happened heterogeneously across Madagascar, suggesting independent colonization of Madagascar from Africa and Asia rather than settlement by an already admixed population. In addition, there are geographic influences on the present genomic diversity, independent of the admixture, showing that a few centuries is sufficient to produce detectable genetic structure in human populations.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Indonésie</li><li>Israël</li><li>Madagascar</li></country><region><li>District de Leipzig</li><li>Midi-Pyrénées</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Poitou-Charentes</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li><li>Victoria (État)</li></region><settlement><li>La Rochelle</li><li>Leipzig</li><li>Melbourne</li><li>Toulouse</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de La Rochelle</li><li>Université de Melbourne</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Occitanie (région administrative)"><name sortKey="Pierron, Denis" sort="Pierron, Denis" uniqKey="Pierron D" first="Denis" last="Pierron">Denis Pierron</name></region><name sortKey="Arachiche, Amal" sort="Arachiche, Amal" uniqKey="Arachiche A" first="Amal" last="Arachiche">Amal Arachiche</name><name sortKey="Beaujard, Philippe" sort="Beaujard, Philippe" uniqKey="Beaujard P" first="Philippe" last="Beaujard">Philippe Beaujard</name><name sortKey="Boland, Anne" sort="Boland, Anne" uniqKey="Boland A" first="Anne" last="Boland">Anne Boland</name><name sortKey="Brucato, Nicolas" sort="Brucato, Nicolas" uniqKey="Brucato N" first="Nicolas" last="Brucato">Nicolas Brucato</name><name sortKey="Deleuze, Jean Francois" sort="Deleuze, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Deleuze J" first="Jean-Francois" last="Deleuze">Jean-Francois Deleuze</name><name sortKey="Grange, Philippe" sort="Grange, Philippe" uniqKey="Grange P" first="Philippe" last="Grange">Philippe Grange</name><name sortKey="Heiske, Margit" sort="Heiske, Margit" uniqKey="Heiske M" first="Margit" last="Heiske">Margit Heiske</name><name sortKey="Kusuma, Pradiptajati" sort="Kusuma, Pradiptajati" uniqKey="Kusuma P" first="Pradiptajati" last="Kusuma">Pradiptajati Kusuma</name><name sortKey="Lejamble, Sendra" sort="Lejamble, Sendra" uniqKey="Lejamble S" first="Sendra" last="Lejamble">Sendra Lejamble</name><name sortKey="Mohamed Abdallah, Ahmed" sort="Mohamed Abdallah, Ahmed" uniqKey="Mohamed Abdallah A" first="Ahmed" last="Mohamed Abdallah">Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah</name><name sortKey="Pereda Loth, Veronica" sort="Pereda Loth, Veronica" uniqKey="Pereda Loth V" first="Veronica" last="Pereda-Loth">Veronica Pereda-Loth</name><name sortKey="Razafindrazaka, Harilanto" sort="Razafindrazaka, Harilanto" uniqKey="Razafindrazaka H" first="Harilanto" last="Razafindrazaka">Harilanto Razafindrazaka</name><name sortKey="Ricaut, Francois Xavier" sort="Ricaut, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Ricaut F" first="Francois-Xavier" last="Ricaut">Francois-Xavier Ricaut</name><name sortKey="Rocher, Christophe" sort="Rocher, Christophe" uniqKey="Rocher C" first="Christophe" last="Rocher">Christophe Rocher</name><name sortKey="Schiavinato, Stephanie" sort="Schiavinato, Stephanie" uniqKey="Schiavinato S" first="Stéphanie" last="Schiavinato">Stéphanie Schiavinato</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Olivier" sort="Thomas, Olivier" uniqKey="Thomas O" first="Olivier" last="Thomas">Olivier Thomas</name><name sortKey="Tonaso, Laure" sort="Tonaso, Laure" uniqKey="Tonaso L" first="Laure" last="Tonaso">Laure Tonaso</name></country><country name="Madagascar"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rakoto, Ignace" sort="Rakoto, Ignace" uniqKey="Rakoto I" first="Ignace" last="Rakoto">Ignace Rakoto</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Fanony, Fulgence" sort="Fanony, Fulgence" uniqKey="Fanony F" first="Fulgence" last="Fanony">Fulgence Fanony</name><name sortKey="Rabetokotany, Nelly" sort="Rabetokotany, Nelly" uniqKey="Rabetokotany N" first="Nelly" last="Rabetokotany">Nelly Rabetokotany</name><name sortKey="Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina" sort="Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina" uniqKey="Raharijesy M" first="Miakabola Andriamampianina" last="Raharijesy">Miakabola Andriamampianina Raharijesy</name><name sortKey="Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy" sort="Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy" uniqKey="Rakotomalala M" first="Mireille Mialy" last="Rakotomalala">Mireille Mialy Rakotomalala</name><name sortKey="Rakotozafy, Lucien M A" sort="Rakotozafy, Lucien M A" uniqKey="Rakotozafy L" first="Lucien M-A" last="Rakotozafy">Lucien M-A Rakotozafy</name><name sortKey="Ramilisonina" sort="Ramilisonina" uniqKey="Ramilisonina" last="Ramilisonina">Ramilisonina</name><name sortKey="Rasoarifetra, Bako" sort="Rasoarifetra, Bako" uniqKey="Rasoarifetra B" first="Bako" last="Rasoarifetra">Bako Rasoarifetra</name><name sortKey="Ravololomanga, Bodo" sort="Ravololomanga, Bodo" uniqKey="Ravololomanga B" first="Bodo" last="Ravololomanga">Bodo Ravololomanga</name><name sortKey="Razafiarivony, Michel" sort="Razafiarivony, Michel" uniqKey="Razafiarivony M" first="Michel" last="Razafiarivony">Michel Razafiarivony</name><name sortKey="Razafindralambo, Lolona" sort="Razafindralambo, Lolona" uniqKey="Razafindralambo L" first="Lolona" last="Razafindralambo">Lolona Razafindralambo</name></country><country name="Indonésie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sudoyo, Herawati" sort="Sudoyo, Herawati" uniqKey="Sudoyo H" first="Herawati" last="Sudoyo">Herawati Sudoyo</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Saxe (Land)"><name sortKey="Ni, Shengyu" sort="Ni, Shengyu" uniqKey="Ni S" first="Shengyu" last="Ni">Shengyu Ni</name></region><name sortKey="Stoneking, Mark" sort="Stoneking, Mark" uniqKey="Stoneking M" first="Mark" last="Stoneking">Mark Stoneking</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Victoria (État)"><name sortKey="Adelaar, Sander" sort="Adelaar, Sander" uniqKey="Adelaar S" first="Sander" last="Adelaar">Sander Adelaar</name></region></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rakotoarisoa, Jean Aime" sort="Rakotoarisoa, Jean Aime" uniqKey="Rakotoarisoa J" first="Jean-Aimé" last="Rakotoarisoa">Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Letellier, Thierry" sort="Letellier, Thierry" uniqKey="Letellier T" first="Thierry" last="Letellier">Thierry Letellier</name><name sortKey="Radimilahy, Chantal" sort="Radimilahy, Chantal" uniqKey="Radimilahy C" first="Chantal" last="Radimilahy">Chantal Radimilahy</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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